DI-MS Technique for Analyzing Protein and Peptide Sequences

DI-MS Technique for Analyzing Protein and Peptide Sequences Food Industrial Application DI-MS technique has been widely applied in food industry as it is an easy and high-throughput tool for analyzing protein and peptide sequences, studying the components or structure in food, monitoring the contamination in food. FAB-MS In the study by Terzi, Boyot, Dorsselear, Luu and Trifilieff (1990), the amino acid sequence of a new 6.8 kDa proteolipid from beef heart was determined by employed FAB-MS. The study isolated and purified the 6.8 kDa proteolipid from an acidic methanol/chloroform extract of bovine cardiac muscle, and subsequently analyzed it with the application Cs atom beam of FAB-MS in 1-thioglycerol matrix. The result showed a protonated molecular ion [M+H]+ at m/z 6834.1 and indicated that it have about 60 residues. The 60 residues in the polypeptide were cleaved into three peptide fragments CN1, CN2 and CN3. To characterize these cleavage peptides from amino acid composition, the CN1 and CN2 were ionized using the FAB-MS that performed with Xe atom beam and 1-thioglycerol matrix while the CN3 which also dissolved in 1-thioglycerol was collided by Cs atom beam to produce sample ions. Table 1.0: Chemical mass of cleavage peptides Cleavage peptides Measured mass [M+H]+ [M+Na]+ CN1 1539.0 1560.9 CN2 2100.5 2121.8 CN3 3134.6 From the analysis of the cleavage peptides, the amino acid sequence and peptide fragments of the 6.8 kDa proteolipid were reported as: MLQSLIKKVWIPMKPYYTQAYQEIWVGTGLMAYIVYKIRSADKRSKALKASS 1 CN1 13 14 CN2 31 32 CN3 AAPAHGHH 60 In addition, the FAB-MS technique was applied to determine the structure of the Lycium chinense Miller fruits (Gou-Qi-Zi) in combination with NMR and IR spectroscopy (Chung, Ali, Praveen, Yu, Kim, Ahmad, 2014). L. chinense fruit is a valuable tonic or food, hence there are many researches have been reported to display the properties the L.chinense fruit. For example, the anticancer, antibacterial and antioxidant properties (Lee et al., 2005; Wang, Chang, Inbaraj. Chen, 2010; Zhang et al., 2011) and the antihepatotoxic activity and chemical constituents (Chin et al., 2003; Kim et al., 1997). In the research, the four new compounds (i, ii, iii and iv) that isolated from L. chinense fruits were characterized using the FAB-MS (JMS-700) spectrometer. The antioxidant activity of the four compounds was further studied and it demonstrated that the activity of the compounds followed the order 1423. Table 2.0: Characterization of compound (i) to (iv) Mass Species m/z Detected species Suggestion Compound (i) [M+H]+ 817 C40H65O17 -aromatic acid glycosidic ester 283 [CH3(CH2)16COO]+ -steric acid was esterified with one phenolic group 267 [CH3(CH2)16CO]+ 414 [C15H26O13]+ -three arabinose units bind to one phenolic group 265 [C10H17O8]+ 133 [C5H9O4]+ Compound (ii) [M+H]+ 1165 C50H85O30 -susquiterpene glycoside ester 265 [C10H17O8]+ -few arabinose units bind to the sesquiterpene moiety 223 [C14H27CO]+ 133 [C5H8O5]+ Compound (iii) [M]+ 1309 C58H100O32 -hexaglycoside 341 [C12H21O11]+ -six hexose sugar units bind to each other -unsaturated fatty acid located at terminal position 335 [C21H39COO]+ 325 [C12H21O10]+ 319 [C12H39CO]+ 179 [C6H11O6]+ 163 [C6H11O5]+ Compound (iv) [M+H]+ 841 C31H52O26 -five arabinose units and one glucose unit 661 [C25H41O20]+ -five pentose sugar units bind to a hexose sugar 529 [C25H41O20-C5H8O4]+ 281 [C10H17O9]+ TOF-SIMS TOF-SIMS which widely applied in surface analysis is an important technique for monitoring the contamination in food as the usage of pesticides and fungicide in the agriculture practice will alter and compromise the food quality. The study used TOF-SIMS technique to characterize and compare three different groups of Seggianese olives which classified as untreated (UT), treated with insecticide (dimethoate) and fungicide (copper oxychloride) without washing (TU) and treated with insecticide and fungicide with washing with cold water (TW) (Focardi, et al., 2006). Before measuring the molecular masses of three different groups of olives, the mass calibration was done by using CH3+, C2H3+ and C3H5+ peaks as calibration compounds for positive ions C, CH and C2H peaks as calibration compounds for negative ions. The SIMS data proved the chemical treatments modify the surface composition of olive, resulting in higher intensity signals in TU compared with TW or UT olive spectra. Besides, the intensity of UT and TW olives showed a small variance between each other, demonstrating the washing process was no effective in removing of insecticides and fungicides that will stimulate the composition alterations of olives. Table 3.0: Intensity of few relevant peaks from three different olive samples Peaks Mass peak m/z Attribution Intensity TU olive TW olive UT olive Positive 31.018 CH3O+ 4.23 10-4 6.93 10-5 1.12 10-4 57.074 C4H9+ 1.18 10-2 5.92 10-3 5.08 10-3 73.051 C4H9O+ 7.83 10-4 3.34 10-4 3.08 10-4 147.082 C6H14NOP+ / C6H13NOS+ 2.42 10-4 7.37 10-5 2.93 10-5 Negative 15.994 O 1.13 10-4 2.30 10-3 7.20 10-3 17.002 OH 1.19 10-4 4.42 10-3 5.44 10-3 31.972 S 5.24 10-4 1.99 10-5 1.47 10-5 MALDI-TOF/TOF MS MALDI-MS is a widespread analytical tool for proteins, peptides and oligonucleotides as it offers high ion yields of the intact analyte samples, high sensitivity and accuracy (Lewis, Wei, Siuzdak, 2000). In year 2012, a research about the peptide of peanut hydrolysate has the properties of umami taste had reported by Su, Cui, Zheng, Yang, Ren Zhao. Umami taste is known as the fifth basic taste and it usually described as savory or MSG-like taste. In the study, two novel umami and umami-enhancing peptides were isolated from peanut hydrolysate, purified using chromatography and identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. The analysis of peptides was performed by MALDI-MS equipped with 337nm of UV nitrogen laser and matrix solution as sinapic acid saturated in 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid and acetonitrile. The MALDI-TOF/TOF MS was used to sequence the two novel peptides that termed as P3 and P4 as they produce umami taste. It found that the molecular mass of P3 and P4 was 1091.419 Da and 965.595 Da respectively and the amino sequence of P3 is EGSEAPDGSSR while P4 is SSRDEQSR. Bibliography Chung, I. M., Ali, M., Praveen, N., Yu, B. R., Kim, S. H., Ahmad, A. (2014). New polyglucopyranosyl and polyarabinopyranosyl of fatty acid derivatives from the fruits of Lycium chinense and its antioxidant activity. Food Chemistry, 435-443. Focardi, S., Ristori, S., Mazzuoli, S., Tognazzi, A., Leach-Scampavia, D., Castner, D. G., et al. (2006). ToF-SIMS and PCA studies of Seggianese olives and olive oil. Colloids and Surfaces, 225-232. Lewis, J. K., Wei, J., Siuzdak, G. (2000). Matrix-assited laser desorption/iomization mass spectrometry in peptide and protein analysis. Chichester: John Wiley Sons Ltd. Su, G., Cui, C., Zheng, L., Yang, B., Ren, J., Zhao, M. (2012). Isolation and identification of two novel umami and umami-enhancing peptides from peanut hydrolysate by consecutive chromatography and MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. Food Chemistry, 479-485. Terzi, E., Boyot, P., Dorsselear, A. V., Luu, B., Trifilieff, E. (1990). Isolation and amino acid sequence of a novel 6.8-kDa mitochondrial proteolipid from beef heart. FABS Letters, 122-126. Conclusion In food industry, the analysis of protein and peptide can be performed well by using MALDI-MS and FAB-MS while the application of SIMS is mostly used for detecting the surface of contaminated food. Besides, the structure of the components in foods can also be identified by using the FAB-MS combined with NMR and IR spectroscopies.

brains :: essays research papers

What You Need to Know about Brain TumorsThis thorough article for consumers describes the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of brain tumors. IntroductionEach year more than 17,000 people in the United States find out they have a brain tumor. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) has written this booklet to help patients and their families and friends better understand brain tumors. We also hope others will read it to learn more about these tumors.This booklet describes the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of brain tumors. We know that booklets cannot answer every question about brain tumors. They cannot take the place of talks with doctors, nurses, and other members of the health care team, but we hope our information will help with these talks.Definitions of words that may be new to readers and other terms related to cancer can be found in the Glossary. For some words, a "sounds-like" spelling is also given.Our knowledge about brain tumors keeps increasing. For up-to-date information or to order this publication, call the NCI-supported Cancer Information Service (CIS) toll free at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237 ).The BrainTogether, the brain and spinal cord form the central nervous system. This complex system is part of everything we do. It controls the things we choose to do -- like walk and talk -- and the things our body does automatically -- like breathe and digest food. The central nervous system is also involved with our senses -- seeing, hearing, touching, tasting, and smelling -- as well as our emotions, thoughts, and memory.The brain is a soft, spongy mass of nerve cells and supportive tissue. It has three major parts: the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brain stem. The parts work together, but each has special functions.The cerebrum, the largest part of the brain, fills most of the upper skull. It has two halves called the left and right cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum uses information from our senses to tell us what is going on around us and tells our body how to respond. The right hemisphere controls the muscles on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere control s the muscles on the right side of the body.

Managerment

Do you agree with Vim's employment response to competition from software development contractors in India like Wiper that are expanding into IT consulting services? Why or why not? Vim's strategy appears oriented around â€Å"growing the pie. † If It can Increase Its products' user base by lower costs, It should be able to Increase demand for Its consulting services. However, low-cost consulting groups are ready to fill this void. Therefore, IBM will need to continue Its expansion Into low-cost labor markets.In Dalton, this expansion will need to embrace low cost markets outside of India. These markets Include Russia, China, Indonesia, and Mexico. Will Vim's plan to give away some of Its IT assets and Intellectual property and Increase Its support of open- source software products like Linux be a successful growth strategy In the â€Å"brutally competitive marketplace† in which It operates? Why or why not? IBM has expertise in supporting these applications. By lowering licensing costs or aging the software free, IBM should be able to increase its user base.With a broader user base, the demand for support should grow. The strategy appears logical. Of course, other organizations may try to meet this demand, but Vim's low- cost labor sources will help ensure its competitiveness. In addition, low-cost labor will help further increase demand for this software, thereby ensuring growth. However, this strategy will take on a whole new twist as the global economy continues o grow and labor costs rise around the world.History also supports Vim's growth assumptions. Bill Gates found his BASIC interpreter the De facto standard once users found they could easily find free pirated copies. Likewise, the low cost MEMO deals he made for the Windows operating system ensured a user base of over 100 million computers. The computing public values free, high quality software, and many conservative organizations will recognize the MM name as quality assurance. All of th is will encourage growth.

What You Need to Know About the US Senate

The United States Senate is the upper chamber in the legislative branch of  the federal government. It is considered to be a more powerful body than the lower chamber, the House of Representatives. The Senate is made up of 100 members called senators. Each state is equally represented two senators, regardless of the state’s population. Unlike members of the House, who represent individual geographic congressional districts within the states, senators represent the entire state. Senators serve rotating six-year terms and are popularly elected by their constituents. The six-year terms are staggered, with about one-third of the seats up for election every two years. The terms are staggered in such a way that both Senate seats from any state are not contested in the same general election, except when necessary to fill a vacancy. Until enactment of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were appointed by the state legislatures, rather than being elected by the people. The Senate conducts its legislative business in the north wing of the U.S. Capitol Building, in Washington, D.C.   Leading the Senate The Vice President  of the United States presides over the Senate and casts the deciding vote in the event of a tie. The Senate leadership also includes president pro tempore who presides in the absence of the vice president, a majority leader who appoints members to lead and serve on various committees, and a minority leader. Both parties —majority and minority—also have a whip who helps marshal senators’ votes along party lines. In presiding over the Senate, the vice president’s powers are limited by strict rules adopted by the Senate centuries ago. While present in the Senate chambers, the vice president is expected to speak only when ruling on parliamentary questions and when reporting the results of the Electoral College vote in presidential elections. On a day-to-day basis, meetings of the Senate are presided over by the president pro tempore of the Senate or, more typically, by a junior Senator designated on a rotating basis. The Powers of the Senate The Senates power derives from more than just its relatively exclusive membership; it also is granted specific powers in the Constitution. In addition to the many powers granted jointly to both houses of Congress, the Constitution enumerates the role of the upper body specifically in Article I, Section 3. While the House of Representatives has the power to recommend impeachment of a sitting president, vice president or other civic officials such as a judge for high crimes and misdemeanors, as written in the Constitution, the Senate is the sole jury once impeachment goes to trial. With a two-thirds majority, the Senate may thus remove an official from office. Two presidents, Andrew Johnson, and Bill Clinton have been tried; both were acquitted. The President of the United States has the power to negotiate treaties and agreements with other nations, but the Senate must ratify them by a two-thirds vote in order to take effect. This isnt the only way the Senate balances the power of the president. All presidential appointees, including Cabinet members, judicial appointees and ambassadors must be confirmed by the Senate, which can call any nominees to testify before it. The Senate also investigates matters of national interest. There have been special investigations of matters ranging from the Vietnam War to organized crime to the Watergate break-in and subsequent cover-up. The More Deliberate Chamber The Senate is commonly the more deliberative of the two chambers of Congress; theoretically, a debate on the floor may go on indefinitely, and some seem to. Senators may filibuster, or delay further action by the body, by debating it at length; the only way to end a filibuster is through a motion of cloture, which requires the vote of 60 senators. The  Senate Committee System The Senate, like the House of Representatives, sends bills to committees before bringing them before the full chamber; it also has committees which perform specific non-legislative functions as well. The Senates committees include: agriculture, nutrition, and forestry;appropriations;armed services;banking, housing, and urban affairs;budget;commerce, science, and transportation;energy and natural resources;environment and public works;finance;foreign relations;health, education, labor, and pensions;homeland security and governmental affairs;judiciary;rules and administration;small business and entrepreneurship;and veterans affairs. There are also special committees on aging, ethics, intelligence and Indian affairs; and joint committees with the House of Representatives. The United States Senate Fast Facts The United States Senate is part of the Legislative Branch of government and is made up of 100 members called â€Å"Senators.†Each State is represented by two Senators elected statewide, rather than by voting districts.Senators serve an unlimited number of six-year terms, staggered in a way to prevent both Senators representing a particular state from being up for reelection at the same time.The Senate is presided over by the Vice President of the United States, who as â€Å"president of the Senate,† is allowed to vote on legislation in the event of a tie vote.Along with its own exclusive powers, the Senate shares many of the same constitutional powers granted to the House of Representatives. Phaedra Trethan is a freelance writer who also works as a copy editor for the Camden Courier-Post. She formerly worked for the Philadelphia Inquirer, where she wrote about books, religion, sports, music, films, and restaurants. Updated by Robert Longley